5^th International Conference on Geosciences and Remote Sensing October 21-22, 2019 Amsterdam, Netherlands

The crust of Earth consists of a shell called the geosphere. The Geosphere is that component of the Earth system where mineral wealth in the form of metals, coal and oil are found. Surface topography, combined with the movement of water across the landscape and distribution of fertile soils, is the dominant factor determining where we grow our crops. This sphere includes all the stuff that makes up the crust and the core of the earth. It includes everything natural and lifeless that makes up the surface of the earth. In modern text in Earth system science, geosphere refers to the solid parts of the Earth; it is used along with atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere to describe the systems of the Earth. Sometimes the term lithosphere is used instead of geosphere or solid Earth. The lithosphere, however, only refers to the uppermost layers of the solid Earth. The geosphere undergoes infinite processes constantly and that, in turn, modifies other spheres. One example of the continuous process is the rock cycle; it is influenced by other factors such as water, temperature, and wind, which also belong to other spheres

Cosmology is the study of the universe, or cosmos, regarded as a whole. To cover the study of the entire universe in a single volume may seem like a megalomaniac’s dream. The universe, after all, is richly textured, with structures on a vast range of scales; planets orbit stars, stars are collected into galaxies, galaxies are gravitationally bound into clusters, and even clusters of galaxies are found within larger super clusters. Cosmology deals with distances that are very large, objects that are very big, and timescales that are very long. Some of the observations on which modern cosmology is based are highly complex, requiring elaborate apparatus and sophisticated data analysis. The field of science, cosmology involves the formation of theories or hypotheses about the universe which make specific predictions for phenomena that can be tested with observations.

Soil science deals with soil as a natural resource on the surface of the earth including soil formation, classification and mapping; physical, chemical, biological, and fertility properties of soils per se; and these properties in relation to the use and management of soils. There are different types of soils like Sandy, Silty, Clay, and Saline Soil etc. All soils originate, directly or indirectly, from solid rocks in the Earth's crust. Soil is the material found on the surface of the earth that is composed of organic and inorganic material.  Soil is the biologically active, structured porous medium that has developed below the continental land surface on our planet. Soils are a fantastically complex environment, teeming with life and supporting our most fundamental environmental processes. Soil contains a variety of substances. In a well-managed western soil, usually around 50% percent of the soil’s volume is composed of solid particles, while the other 50% is empty space. The branches of soil science, such as pedology are used as synonymous with soil science. 

Planetary science is the scientific study of planets and their planetary systems which includes moons, ring systems, gas clouds, and magnetospheres. It involves understanding how planets are formed, how these systems work and how all their components interact. It is a cross-discipline field including aspects of astronomy, atmospheric science, geology, space physics, biology and chemistry. Planetary science encompasses the study of the physical and chemical nature of planetary bodies, both in the Solar System and in extra solar systems. Planetary Science major has been developed to study the remarkable interface between the two separate disciplines of Earth and Planetary Science and Astronomy.

The most vital segment of Geographic Information Systems is its prerequisite for spatial information. Spatial information is any sort of data that has been gathered, assembled, or prepared with a spatial segment, that is, an attach to a geographic area on the surface of the Earth. It so happens this is a vast fragment of the spatial business; regularly expending an obvious part of dollars doled out to GIS usage ventures. Spatial information administration is progressively a thought in any data administration framework (IMS) because of the way that a lot of information is being gathered with spatial parts. Organizations and government associations understand that a customary IMS does not permit an association to influence the estimation of spatial data characteristic in their information. This has prompted to the advancement of programming devices as expansions to business Data Management Systems (DMS) that take into consideration better stockpiling, control, and inquiry of spatial information.

·         Geospatial Industry

·         Software applications and development

·         Applied GIS

·         Business Segments and Opportunities

·         GIS economy

·         Data collection and separation

·         Research and Development

It deals with several features of the assessment of hazard and risk of land sliding. This article presents a summary review and a classification of the main approaches that have been developed world-wide. The first step is the part between qualitative and quantitative methods. The first group is mainly based on the site-specific experience of experts with the susceptibility hazard determined directly in the field or by combining different index maps. The approaches of the second group are formally more rigorous.  It is possible to distinguish between statistical analyses (bivariate or multivariate) and deterministic methods that involve the analysis of specific sites or slopes based on geo-engineering models. Such analyses can be deterministic or probabilistic. Among the quantitative methods discussed is the Neural Networks approach which has only recently been applied to engineering geology problems. Finally several considerations concerning the concept of acceptable risk and risk management are presented. The seismic hazard is defines as the probabilistic measure of ground shaking associated to reappearance of earthquakes. Seismic hazard maps depicts the stages of chosen ground motions that likely will not, be exceeds in specified exposure times.

• Types of Natural Disaster
• Meteorological Hazards
• Alarming alerts and Early warning systems
• Disaster Risk Management

The GPS is a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) developed by United States Department of Defence. It is only fully functional GNSS in the world. It uses a constellation of between the 24 and 32 earth orbit satellites that transmit precise radio signals, which allow the GPS receivers to determine their current location, the velocity, and the time. These satellites are the high orbit, circulating at 14,000km/hr and 20,000km above the earth's surface. The signal being sent to earth at the speed of light is what is picked up by any GPS receiver that are now common place worldwide. The first satellite navigation system, used by United States Navy, was first successfully tested in 1960. Using a constellation of the five satellites. A GPS receiver calculates its position by the precisely timing the signals sent by GPS satellites high above the Earth. Each satellite continually transmits the messages containing the time the message was sent, precise orbital information, and the general system health, current date and time of all GPS satellites. The receiver measures the transit time of each message and computes the distance to the each satellite. A form of triangulation is used to combine these distances with the location of the satellites to determine receiver's location. The position is displayed, perhaps with a moving map display or longitude and latitude; elevation information may be included. Many GPS units are also show information such as direction and speed, calculated from the position changes.

• Satellite Geometry and Satellite Orbits
• Atmospheric Effects
• GPS in Marine Applications
• GPS in Surveying Techniques
• GPS in Mapping
• Image Interpretation and Processing
• GeoCorrection and Photogrammetry
• GPS Error Sources
• Differential GPS Techniques
• Aerial and Close Range Photogrammetry Technology
• Elements of Analytical Photogrammetry
• Digital Photogrammetry workstations
• Global System for Mobile Communication

Remote Sensing application is a software application that processes the remote sensing data. Remote sensing applications are similar to the graphics software, but they enable generating geographic information from satellite and the airborne sensor data. Remote sensing applications read specialized file formats that contain georeferencing information, sensor image data, and sensor metadata. Some of the most popular remote sensing file formats are NITF,  GeoTIFF, ECW (file format), JPEG 2000,MrSID, NetCDF, and HDF. Remote Sensing applications perform many features including Change Detection, Orthorectification, Spectral Analysis,Image Classification. Many remote sensing applications are built using the common remote sensing toolkits, like OSSIM and GDAL.

• Remote Sensing in Meteorology
• Remote Sensing in Oceanography
• Remote Sensing in Glaciology
• Remote Sensing in Geology
• Remote Sensing in Geodesy
• Remote Sensing in Topography and Cartography
• Remote Sensing in Agriculture
• Remote Sensing in Forest
• Remote Sensing in Botany
• Remote Sensing in Hydrology
• Remote Sensing in Planning applications
• Remote Sensing in Land Cover Classification

Soil erosion is a naturally occurring process that affects all landforms. This natural process is caused by the dynamic activity of erosive agents, that is, water, ice glaciers, snow, wind, plants, animals, and humans.

Soil erosion can be a slow process that continues relatively unnoticed or can occur at an alarming rate, causing serious loss of topsoil. Soil compaction, low organic matter, loss of soil structure, poor internal drainage, salinisation and soil acidity problems are other serious soil degradation conditions that can accelerate the soil erosion process. Soil erosion reduces cropland productivity and contributes to the pollution of adjacent watercourses, wetlands and lakes. Half of the topsoil on the planet has been lost in the last 150 years. In addition to erosion, soil quality is affected by other aspects of agriculture. These impacts include compaction, loss of soil structure, nutrient degradation, and soil salinity. These are very real and at times severe issues. Sustainable land use can help to reduce the impacts of agriculture and livestock, preventing soil degradation and erosion and the loss of valuable land to desertification.

Petrology is the study of rocks, minerals and meteorites, their occurrence, origin, composition, evolution, evolution of solar system and the interior of planets. Processes involve tectonic movements of masses, volcanic eruptions and injections, solidification and crystallization, recrystallization and melting, sedimentation, weathering, metamorphism, megascopic and microscopic identification of rocks and minerals. The interior structure of the Earth from the core, mantle, lithosphere, continental and oceanic crust, hydrosphere, atmosphere to biosphere illustrated along with nebular theory of origin and age. Rocks have been classified into the three major genetic classes, igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Theory of the plate tectonics for current configuration of Earth lithosphere and the component continents with zone of subduction, plate boundaries such as convergent, transform and divergent are discussed. Orogenic movements through the collision and non collision are explained.

Mineralogy is the subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the crystal structure, chemistry, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and the mineralized artifacts. Specific studies within the mineralogy include the processes of mineral origin and the formation, classification of the minerals, and their geographical distribution, as well as their utilization. 

• Petrogenesis and Petrochemistry
• Igneous. Sedimentary and Metamorphic Petrology
• Experimental Petrology
• Metamorphic Minerals, Processes and Structures
• Metamorphism
• Deposits of Chemical and Organic Origin
• Residual Deposits
• Textures and Microstructures
• Composition and Constitution of Magmas
• Volcanic and Explosive Eruptions
• Optical Mineralogy
• Refractometry
• Isotropic, Uniaxial and Biaxial Minerals
• Evolution of Mineralogy
• Rock Forming Minerals
• Crystal Structure and Composition of Minerals